Why Pragmatic Will Be Your Next Big Obsession
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작성일 2024-09-20
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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean
In addition to learner-internal influences, CLKs' awareness of their own resistance to change and the relationship advantages they could draw on were significant. Researchers from TS & ZL, for example mentioned their local professor relationship as the primary reason for their rational decision to avoid criticism of a strict professor 프라그마틱 슬롯 (see the example 2).
This article reviews all local practical research on Korean until 2020. It focuses on pragmatic core topics such as:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The test for discourse completion (DCT) is widely used in the field of pragmatic research. It has numerous advantages, but also a few disadvantages. The DCT for instance, cannot account cultural and individual differences. Furthermore, the DCT is prone to bias and may cause overgeneralizations. It is essential to analyze it carefully before it is used for research or evaluation.
Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a valuable tool for investigating the relationship between prosody and information structure in non-native speakers. Its ability in two or more stages to alter the social variables that are related to politeness could be a benefit. This characteristic can be utilized to study the impact of prosody in various cultural contexts.
In the field of linguistics, the DCT has become one of the primary instruments for analyzing learners' behavior in communication. It can be used to investigate numerous issues, like politeness, turn-taking, and lexical choices. It can also be used to assess the phonological complexity of learners their speech.
A recent study employed a DCT to evaluate EFL students' ability to resist. Participants were presented with a variety of scenarios to choose from and then asked to select the appropriate response. The researchers found that the DCT was more effective than other measures to stop people from refusing that included a questionnaire as well as video recordings. However, the researchers warned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other types of data collection methods.
DCTs are often developed with specific linguistic criteria in mind, such as content and form. These criteria are intuitive and based on the assumptions of test developers. They may not be accurate and may misrepresent how ELF learners respond to requests in real-world interactions. This issue requires further research on different methods of assessing the ability to refuse.
A recent study compared DCT responses to requests submitted by students via email with the responses gathered from an oral DCT. The results showed that the DCT encouraged more direct and traditionally indirect request forms and a lower use of hints than email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study investigated Chinese learners' pragmatic choices when it comes to using Korean by using a range of experimental tools, such as Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) Metapragmatic Questionnaires, Refusal Interviews (RIs). Participants were 46 CLKs of upper-intermediate ability who provided responses to DCTs and MQs. They were also required to provide reflections on their assessments and refusals in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs are more likely to reject native Korean pragmatism norms. Their choices were influenced primarily by four factors that included their personalities and multilingual identities, their current life histories, as well as their relationship affordances. These findings have pedagogical consequences for L2 Korean assessment.
The MQ data was first analyzed to identify the participants' actual choices. The data were classified according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, we compared the selections with their linguistic performance on the DCTs in order to determine if they were a sign of resistance to pragmatics. Additionally, the participants were asked to justify their choices of behavior in a specific scenario.
The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were examined using descriptive statistics and z tests. The CLKs were found to employ euphemistic phrases such as "sorry" or "thank you". This was probably due to their lack experience with the target languages, leading to a lack of knowledge of korean's pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preference to diverge from L1 and L2 norms or to move towards L1 norms varied based on the DCT circumstances. For instance, in Situations 3 and 12 the CLKs favored to diverge from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms, whereas in Situation 14, they favored converging to L1 norms.
The RIs further revealed that CLKs were aware of their own pragmatism in each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-to-one within two days after participants completed the MQs. The RIs were transcribed and recorded by two coders who were independent who then coded them. The coding process was iterative by the coders, re-reading and discussing each transcript. The results of the coding process were contrasted with the original RI transcripts, giving an indication of how well the RIs captured the underlying pragmatic behavior.
Interviews for refusal
A key question of pragmatic research is why some learners decide to rescind pragmatic norms that native speakers use. Recent research sought to answer this question with several experimental tools including DCTs MQs and RIs. The participants consisted of 46 CLKs, 무료 프라그마틱 (Bookmarkwuzz.Com) 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. They were asked to perform the DCTs in their first language and complete the MQs in either their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI, where they were asked to think about and discuss their responses to each DCT situation.
The results showed that on average, the CLKs disapproved of native-speaker pragmatic norms in more than 40% of their responses. They did so even though they could create native-like patterns. They were aware of their practical resistance. They attributed their decisions to learner-internal factors like their personalities and multilingual identities as well as ongoing life histories. They also spoke of external factors, such as relationships and advantages. For example, they described how their relationships with professors led to more relaxed performance with respect to the intercultural and linguistic standards of their university.
However, the interviewees also expressed concerns about the social pressures and consequences they could face if they flouted the local social norms. They were worried that their native interactants might think they are "foreigners" and believe that they are unintelligent. This concern was similar to the concerns voiced by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These results suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are no longer the preferred choice of Korean learners. They may still be useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. However, it is prudent for 프라그마틱 슬롯체험 무료게임 (https://letsbookmarkit.com/story18056724/why-no-one-cares-about-pragmatic-Genuine) future researchers to revisit their relevance in specific scenarios and in various cultural contexts. This will allow them to better understand the effects of different cultural environments on the behavior of students and classroom interactions of students in L2. Furthermore it will assist educators to create more effective methods to teach and test korea pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor for Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consulting firm based in Seoul.
Case Studies
The case study method is an investigative technique that relies on participant-centered, deep investigations to investigate a particular subject. This method makes use of various sources of data, such as documents, interviews, and observations to confirm its findings. This type of investigation can be used to analyze unique or complex issues that are difficult to other methods to assess.
In a case study the first step is to define both the subject and the goals of the study. This will allow you to determine which aspects of the subject matter are essential for investigation and which ones are best left out. It is also useful to review the existing literature to gain a general understanding of the subject. It will also help place the case in a larger theoretical context.
This case study was based upon an open-source platform, the KMMLU Leaderboard [50] along with its Korean-specific benchmarks HyperCLOVA X, and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the test revealed that the L2 Korean students were highly vulnerable to native models. They were more likely to pick incorrect answer choices, which were literal interpretations. This was a departure from accurate pragmatic inference. They also had a strong tendency to add their own text or "garbage" to their responses. This further reduced the quality of their answers.
Furthermore, the participants of this case study were primarily L2 Korean learners who had attained level 4 on the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) in their second or third year of university and were aiming for level 6 on their next attempt. They were asked questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness and understanding and their perception of the world.
Interviewees were presented with two hypothetical situations that involved interaction with their interlocutors and asked to choose one of the strategies below to employ when making demands. They were then asked to provide the reasoning behind their choice. Most participants attributed their pragmatic opposition to their personalities. TS for instance said she was difficult to talk to and refused to ask about the wellbeing of her colleague when they had a heavy work load despite the fact that she thought native Koreans would.
In addition to learner-internal influences, CLKs' awareness of their own resistance to change and the relationship advantages they could draw on were significant. Researchers from TS & ZL, for example mentioned their local professor relationship as the primary reason for their rational decision to avoid criticism of a strict professor 프라그마틱 슬롯 (see the example 2).This article reviews all local practical research on Korean until 2020. It focuses on pragmatic core topics such as:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The test for discourse completion (DCT) is widely used in the field of pragmatic research. It has numerous advantages, but also a few disadvantages. The DCT for instance, cannot account cultural and individual differences. Furthermore, the DCT is prone to bias and may cause overgeneralizations. It is essential to analyze it carefully before it is used for research or evaluation.
Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a valuable tool for investigating the relationship between prosody and information structure in non-native speakers. Its ability in two or more stages to alter the social variables that are related to politeness could be a benefit. This characteristic can be utilized to study the impact of prosody in various cultural contexts.
In the field of linguistics, the DCT has become one of the primary instruments for analyzing learners' behavior in communication. It can be used to investigate numerous issues, like politeness, turn-taking, and lexical choices. It can also be used to assess the phonological complexity of learners their speech.
A recent study employed a DCT to evaluate EFL students' ability to resist. Participants were presented with a variety of scenarios to choose from and then asked to select the appropriate response. The researchers found that the DCT was more effective than other measures to stop people from refusing that included a questionnaire as well as video recordings. However, the researchers warned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other types of data collection methods.
DCTs are often developed with specific linguistic criteria in mind, such as content and form. These criteria are intuitive and based on the assumptions of test developers. They may not be accurate and may misrepresent how ELF learners respond to requests in real-world interactions. This issue requires further research on different methods of assessing the ability to refuse.
A recent study compared DCT responses to requests submitted by students via email with the responses gathered from an oral DCT. The results showed that the DCT encouraged more direct and traditionally indirect request forms and a lower use of hints than email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study investigated Chinese learners' pragmatic choices when it comes to using Korean by using a range of experimental tools, such as Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) Metapragmatic Questionnaires, Refusal Interviews (RIs). Participants were 46 CLKs of upper-intermediate ability who provided responses to DCTs and MQs. They were also required to provide reflections on their assessments and refusals in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs are more likely to reject native Korean pragmatism norms. Their choices were influenced primarily by four factors that included their personalities and multilingual identities, their current life histories, as well as their relationship affordances. These findings have pedagogical consequences for L2 Korean assessment.
The MQ data was first analyzed to identify the participants' actual choices. The data were classified according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, we compared the selections with their linguistic performance on the DCTs in order to determine if they were a sign of resistance to pragmatics. Additionally, the participants were asked to justify their choices of behavior in a specific scenario.
The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were examined using descriptive statistics and z tests. The CLKs were found to employ euphemistic phrases such as "sorry" or "thank you". This was probably due to their lack experience with the target languages, leading to a lack of knowledge of korean's pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preference to diverge from L1 and L2 norms or to move towards L1 norms varied based on the DCT circumstances. For instance, in Situations 3 and 12 the CLKs favored to diverge from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms, whereas in Situation 14, they favored converging to L1 norms.
The RIs further revealed that CLKs were aware of their own pragmatism in each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-to-one within two days after participants completed the MQs. The RIs were transcribed and recorded by two coders who were independent who then coded them. The coding process was iterative by the coders, re-reading and discussing each transcript. The results of the coding process were contrasted with the original RI transcripts, giving an indication of how well the RIs captured the underlying pragmatic behavior.
Interviews for refusal
A key question of pragmatic research is why some learners decide to rescind pragmatic norms that native speakers use. Recent research sought to answer this question with several experimental tools including DCTs MQs and RIs. The participants consisted of 46 CLKs, 무료 프라그마틱 (Bookmarkwuzz.Com) 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. They were asked to perform the DCTs in their first language and complete the MQs in either their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI, where they were asked to think about and discuss their responses to each DCT situation.
The results showed that on average, the CLKs disapproved of native-speaker pragmatic norms in more than 40% of their responses. They did so even though they could create native-like patterns. They were aware of their practical resistance. They attributed their decisions to learner-internal factors like their personalities and multilingual identities as well as ongoing life histories. They also spoke of external factors, such as relationships and advantages. For example, they described how their relationships with professors led to more relaxed performance with respect to the intercultural and linguistic standards of their university.
However, the interviewees also expressed concerns about the social pressures and consequences they could face if they flouted the local social norms. They were worried that their native interactants might think they are "foreigners" and believe that they are unintelligent. This concern was similar to the concerns voiced by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These results suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are no longer the preferred choice of Korean learners. They may still be useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. However, it is prudent for 프라그마틱 슬롯체험 무료게임 (https://letsbookmarkit.com/story18056724/why-no-one-cares-about-pragmatic-Genuine) future researchers to revisit their relevance in specific scenarios and in various cultural contexts. This will allow them to better understand the effects of different cultural environments on the behavior of students and classroom interactions of students in L2. Furthermore it will assist educators to create more effective methods to teach and test korea pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor for Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consulting firm based in Seoul.
Case Studies
The case study method is an investigative technique that relies on participant-centered, deep investigations to investigate a particular subject. This method makes use of various sources of data, such as documents, interviews, and observations to confirm its findings. This type of investigation can be used to analyze unique or complex issues that are difficult to other methods to assess.
In a case study the first step is to define both the subject and the goals of the study. This will allow you to determine which aspects of the subject matter are essential for investigation and which ones are best left out. It is also useful to review the existing literature to gain a general understanding of the subject. It will also help place the case in a larger theoretical context.
This case study was based upon an open-source platform, the KMMLU Leaderboard [50] along with its Korean-specific benchmarks HyperCLOVA X, and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the test revealed that the L2 Korean students were highly vulnerable to native models. They were more likely to pick incorrect answer choices, which were literal interpretations. This was a departure from accurate pragmatic inference. They also had a strong tendency to add their own text or "garbage" to their responses. This further reduced the quality of their answers.
Furthermore, the participants of this case study were primarily L2 Korean learners who had attained level 4 on the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) in their second or third year of university and were aiming for level 6 on their next attempt. They were asked questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness and understanding and their perception of the world.
Interviewees were presented with two hypothetical situations that involved interaction with their interlocutors and asked to choose one of the strategies below to employ when making demands. They were then asked to provide the reasoning behind their choice. Most participants attributed their pragmatic opposition to their personalities. TS for instance said she was difficult to talk to and refused to ask about the wellbeing of her colleague when they had a heavy work load despite the fact that she thought native Koreans would.
